{"id":354,"date":"2026-07-26T16:07:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-26T16:07:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/?page_id=354"},"modified":"2026-07-26T16:14:18","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T16:14:18","slug":"fsp-edu-guide-computer-aided-implantology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/fsp-edu-guide-computer-aided-implantology\/","title":{"rendered":"EDUCATIONAL SELF-ASSESSMENT GUIDE IN COMPUTER-AIDED IMPLANTOLOGY"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u039a\u03a0\u0391\u0399\u0394\u0395\u03a5\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a3 \u039f\u0394\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a3 \u0391\u03a5\u03a4\u039f\u0391\u039e\u0399\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397\u03a3<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03a4\u0397\u039d \u03a5\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u03a3\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0395\u039c\u03a6\u03a5\u03a4\u0395\u03a5\u039c\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u0391<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">24 \u0395\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2022 24 \u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2022 24 \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0395\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 + 4 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 24 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u0399\u03a3\u0391\u0393\u03a9\u0393\u0397 \u03a3\u03a4\u0391 \u0394\u0395\u0394\u039f\u039c\u0395\u039d\u0391 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u03a4\u0397 \u0394\u039f\u039c\u0397 DICOM<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf (\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03c4 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd) DICOM \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 CBCT; <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf (Volume) \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc pixels \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 (Voxels), \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 voxel \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (grayscale), \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf DICOM \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 voxel (3D pixel) \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd (\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf (MPR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf CBCT \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae DICOM \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (metadata). \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 (standard) \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf, \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u00ab\u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf standard DICOM \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 (interoperability). \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 (Header) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 voxel, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 1:1) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae 3D \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (Volume) \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 CBCT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (Voxel Size) 0.1mm \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 CBCT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 0.3mm (\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf Field of View);<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac (27) \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 (voxel) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 0.3mm \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf voxel \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 0.3mm \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 0.1mm, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 3 \u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd voxel \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac (3 X 3 X 3 = 27) \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03c7 FOV 5\u00d75 cm), \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 0.3 mm \u03c3\u03b5 0.1 mm \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9), \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 mA \u03ae\/\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac voxel (0.1mm) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf (noise), \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 (mA) \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae (\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae ALADA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c0\u03c7 0.3 mm) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5(2\u03a7) \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2(FOV) \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 5\u00d75 cm \u03c3\u03b5 10\u00d710 cm. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af(8\u03a7) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf FOV \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (V = p. r^2 .h). \u0394\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf (2r) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 (2h), \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\\(2^2 . 2 = 8X). \u0397 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 Low Dose \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 CBCT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac artifacts, \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf segmentation \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 denoising \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf &#8220;Gradient Anisotropic Diffusion&#8221; \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 3D Slicer. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc Denoising \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 (Edges) \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc Smoothing;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0392\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 (Time Step) (0.0625), \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (Iterations) (3 &#8211; 5) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 Conductance (1.0 &#8211; 2.0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 3D \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 (Time Step) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 0.0625 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 (smoothing) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039f \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u0391\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 (Conductance) \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u2013 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u00bb (blur) \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0394\u0399\u0391\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u0399\u0391 \u039a\u0391\u03a4\u0391\u03a4\u039c\u0397\u03a3\u0397\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u0395\u03a5\u0398\u03a5\u0393\u03a1\u0391\u039c\u039c\u0399\u03a3\u0397\u03a3<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (Segmentation), \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (segments). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 segments \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 (registration) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 (\u03c0.\u03c7. IOS), \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (segmentation) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 voxel \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (thresholding), \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 3D \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 3D \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL (Standard Tessellation Language) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (surface mesh) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 segment. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf STL \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 segment, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (mesh), \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03cc\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c6\u03ae (textures) \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 (Registration), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u00ab\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u00bb) \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc segment (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1). \u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf Registration \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error \u03ae \u03a1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\/\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc standard\u00bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc (\u03c0.\u03c7. 0.08 mm) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0388\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1: \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (Voxel Size) CBCT: 0.3mm (300 \u03bcm), \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\/\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (IOS): 0.02 mm (20 \u03bcm), \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (Layer Thickness) \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae: 0.1 mm (100 \u03bcm). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc \u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 (20 \u03bcm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 300 \u03bcm) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 (100 \u03bcm) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u00ab\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 IOS (20 \u03bcm), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (resampling) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf FSP \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 Segment Editor \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 0.1 mm). \u0397 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. sleeve offsets, \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0397 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, artifacts \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 (Beam Hardening), \u03b7 \u03a3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (Scatter) \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u038c\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (Partial Volume Effect) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Registration);<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Registration \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (Point-to-Point) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ae \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc artifacts, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error \u03ae \u03a1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1 \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 STL \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 2D \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac artifacts (Beam Hardening\/Scatter) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u038c\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 (Partial Volume Effect) \u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac voxel, \u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 Best-Fit (ICP) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9. \u0397 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (Point-by-Point) \u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2\u00bb \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 RMSE \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 STL \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 2D \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 (cross-sections).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 3D Slicer \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf module &#8220;Fast Model Align\u201d \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf registration \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 IOS \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf segment \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u2018Point Density Adjustment\u2019 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 (default) \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae 1.00 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 4.000 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1.00 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03c0\u03c7 \u03bc\u03b5 1.8) \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u201cTest pointcloud subsampling\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf module <em>Fast Model Align<\/em> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 3D Slicer \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 3D \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 (meshes) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (point clouds) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 rigid\/affine \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1.00, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 4.000\u20135.000 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 ITK\/Python) \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. \u0397 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 &#8220;Test pointcloud subsampling&#8221; \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd developer\/\u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 preview \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf registration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a0\u03a1\u039f\u03a3\u039f\u039c\u039f\u0399\u03a9\u03a3\u0397 \u0398\u0395\u03a3\u0397\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u03a4\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u0398\u0395\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397\u03a3 \u0395\u039c\u03a6\u03a5\u03a4\u0395\u03a5\u039c\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u03a3<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 2D \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03c9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 (cross-sections) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 (X, Y, Z) \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0397 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039d\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb (Prosthetically Driven Implantology). \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 (\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae). \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 <em>\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd<\/em> \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-15<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc, \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5(entry point) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 1mm (\u039f\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7) \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 2 mm (\u0392\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039f\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 systematic reviews, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 ~1mm \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2mm), \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 Hounsfield (HU) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 CBCT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 (CT \/ MSCT);<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9 (Gray Values \/ Pseudo-HU) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 4 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac Lekholm &amp; Zarb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd CBCT, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (scatter radiation) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae CT), \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9 (Gray Values) \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0.\u03c7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf FOV. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 &#8220;Pseudo-HU&#8221;. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (\u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b3\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc, \u03c0\u03c7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac Lekholm &amp; Zarb (\u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 D1-D4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-17<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 DICOM \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac voxels \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 (Registration) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac voxels \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 DICOM \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1o\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Native\/Original Resolution (\u03c0\u03c7 \u03bc\u03b5 Free Matrix) \u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 DICOM \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 (resampling) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 voxel \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2: \u03c0\u03c7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc 0.24\u03a70.0.24\u03a70.15 \u03bc\u03b5 FOV 12X8 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc 0.15\u03a70.15\u03a70.15 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf FOV 12X8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 CBCT \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac voxel \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1 (resampling), \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd &#8211; \u03c0\u03c7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 (slice thickness) \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf pixel spacing. \u0397 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 Native \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 3D Slicer \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf 3D Resampling (\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd CBCT \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5(platform and apex) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u0399.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b1 3D \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 CBCT \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (World Coordinate System) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 DICOM. \u0391\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd 3D \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. platform \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 apex \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 JSON, CSV \u03ae TXT), \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 Blender, 3D Slicer) \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (labeled data) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039c\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (AI) \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03a7\u0395\u0394\u0399\u0391\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a3 \u039a\u0391\u0399 3D \u0395\u039a\u03a4\u03a5\u03a0\u03a9\u03a3\u0397 \u03a4\u039f\u03a5 \u03a7\u0395\u0399\u03a1\u039f\u03a5\u03a1\u0393\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a5 \u039f\u0394\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a5<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Guide Sleeve) \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae (\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 &#8220;D&#8221; \u03ae &#8220;Offset&#8221;) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc kit \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae. \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 (\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0 \/ physical stop) \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba.\u03bb\u03c0.). \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4&#8217; \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (Thickness) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf (Clearance\/Offset) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd(tooth-supported) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (mucosa-supported);<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7: \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 2.5 mm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 3.0 mm \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf 0.05 mm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 0.1 mm. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7: \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 3.0 mm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 3.5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf 0.1 mm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 0.15 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 2.5\u20133.0 mm \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf (0.05\u20130.1 mm) \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 (snug fit). \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf \u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (3.0\u20133.5 mm) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf (0.1\u20130.15 mm) \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Layer Thickness\/Resolution) \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 3D \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u00ab\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u00bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 SLA\/DLP\/LCD \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03b1 0.1 mm (100 \u03bcm), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd 3D \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc (SLA\/DLP\/LCD), \u03c4\u03b1 100 \u03bcm (0.1 mm) \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf standard \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 &#8220;\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9&#8221; \u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-22<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (Sleeve) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd 4.5 mm. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 0.1mm \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae (offset) \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd-\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf (test block)\u03ba\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 4.55 mm \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 4.70 mm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae (light bleeding), \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf. \u039f \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd &#8220;\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2&#8221;. \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf sleeve, \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ad\u03c2 offset (\u03c0.\u03c7. +0.15 mm) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\/\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf CAD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-23<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0391\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039d\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd sleeves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc (\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 sleeves), \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 (smooth) \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae, \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc STL \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd slicer \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-24<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u039f \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd (remove undercuts ) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd. \u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039d\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\/\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Path of Insertion) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb (blockout) \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 (\u0391 \u03ae \u0392), \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc blockout, \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (X, Y, Z \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 tilt) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd advanced \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c0.\u03c7. \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7), \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf blockout \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03a5\u039d\u0398\u0395\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u0395\u03a3 \u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 <\/em><em>\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 <\/em><em>\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (Segmentation) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 STL;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 (Segmentation) \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 STL \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf STL \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 CBCT\/\u03b1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf STL \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 STL \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b7 CBCT \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae artifacts. \u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 STL \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 DICOM \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 STL \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 DICOM, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf STL \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf (\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf) \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf DICOM \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bf\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (Voxel data), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf STL \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (Mesh data).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf DICOM \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae 3D \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf STL \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf DICOM \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (semantic), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf STL \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u0395\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7(Registration) \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Registration) \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (x, y, z) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, pixels \u03ae voxels \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 (overlap) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 DICOM \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 STL \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03a0\u0391\u039d\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd DICOM \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf DICOM \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03a3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 (Patient Coordinate System). \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 STL \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 STL \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03a0\u0395\u039e\u0397\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf DICOM \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 CBCT, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 (DICOM Header) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd voxel \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 (Frame of Reference UID), \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (LPS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 STL<strong> <\/strong>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd (mesh). \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">EDUCATIONAL SELF-ASSESSMENT GUIDE<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IN COMPUTER-AIDED IMPLANTOLOGY<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>24 Questions \u2022 24 Answers \u2022 24 Explanations<br><strong>4<\/strong> Thematic Modules <strong>+<\/strong> <strong>4<\/strong> Integrative Questions<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Upon completion of the four thematic modules of the self-assessment test<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">in Computer-aided Implantology, the present summary of the<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">educational material follows, which brings together all 24 questions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">along with the correct answer and the relevant explanation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the end, four integrative questions have been added,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">which function as a synthesis of the basic principles that govern the entire<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">digital workflow, as well as selected bibliography for further study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">INTRODUCTION TO DATA &amp; DICOM STRUCTURE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What does a DICOM file (or a set of DICOM files) of a CBCT scan actually represent?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is a multidimensional digital file containing a three-dimensional volume of pixels with depth (Voxels), where each voxel carries a specific numerical density value (grayscale), allowing software to reconstruct the anatomy in any spatial plane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A DICOM file is a three-dimensional data carrier. Each voxel (3D pixel) possesses a specific numerical value corresponding to tissue density (grayscale). This allows specialized software to reconstruct the anatomy in any spatial plane (Multiplanar Reconstruction \u2013 MPR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every CBCT scan generated in DICOM format includes metadata. What is the primary utility of this international standard in the computational implantology workflow?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It functions as a global, common &#8220;communication protocol&#8221; that enables seamless data exchange between any tomograph and any specialized software (open-source or commercial), while the metadata provides information about the subject, means, and conditions of the examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The DICOM standard was established to ensure interoperability. It enables disparate systems to exchange data seamlessly. The DICOM Header contains critical metadata (voxel size, patient orientation, 1:1 scale) essential for accurate 3D spatial reconstruction<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is the relative volume size of a CBCT scan with a 0.1mm resolution (Voxel Size) compared to a CBCT scan with a 0.3mm resolution (given the same Field of View)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is twenty-seven (27) times larger, because each edge of the isotropic cube (voxel) of 0.3mm is divided by 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A voxel is a cube. When resolution refines from 0.3mm to 0.1mm, each edge of the cube is divided into 3 equal parts. Because volume expands three-dimensionally, the total number of voxels within the exact same space increases by 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 = 27 times (significantly increasing file size).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maintaining the same scanning field (e.g., FOV 5\u00d75 cm), you decide to change the CBCT resolution from 0.3 mm to 0.1 mm to obtain finer bone detail. How is the patient\u2019s radiation dose affected?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dose increases significantly (often doubling or tripling), because the machine requires higher mA and\/or increased exposure time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To record voxels as small as 0.1mm without rendering the image heavily compromised by digital noise (grain), the CBCT unit must increase the milliamperes (mA) and\/or exposure time. This substantially inflates the patient\u2019s radiation dose, in accordance with the ALADA principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maintaining the same resolution (e.g., 0.3 mm), you decide to double (2X) the scanning field (FOV) from 5\u00d75 cm to 10\u00d710 cm. How much does the volume of irradiated tissues increase, and how is the patient\u2019s radiation dose affected?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The volume of the anatomical region will increase eightfold (8X), and the radiation dose will increase significantly depending on the machine and the settings of the relevant exposure parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FOV is a cylinder (V = \u03c0 \u22c5 r\u00b2 \u22c5 h). Doubling the diameter (2r) and the height (2h) increases the volume of irradiated tissues eightfold (2\u00b2 \u22c5 2 = 8X). The total radiation dose will rise significantly, but the exact increase depends on the manufacturer\u2019s automated exposure parameters and built-in Low Dose protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a CBCT scan with severe metal artifacts, you want to apply denoising using the \u201cGradient Anisotropic Diffusion\u201d filter of the open-source software 3D Slicer prior to segmentation. Which combination of parameters offers optimal noise reduction while protecting definitive anatomical boundaries (edges) from over-smoothing?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Time Step of 0.0625, limited repetitions (Iterations) (3 \u2013 5), and careful adjustment of Conductance (1.0 \u2013 2.0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 3D medical imaging, the default Time Step set at 0.0625 represents the upper limit of mathematical stability (CFL condition) and ensures a stable numerical solution. The greater the number of iterations, the more smoothing is introduced. The iteration count controls the amount of smoothing performed within distinct bounded regions (e.g., interfaces between hard and soft tissues), while the Conductance parameter governs how aggressively each iteration smooths these regions\u2014a value too high will blur and compromise anatomical edges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SEGMENTATION &amp; REGISTRATION PROCESS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through segmentation, anatomical structures and pathological findings imaged in CBCT slices are divided into separate sections (segments). What is the utility of this process in computer-aided implant planning and placement?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through segmentation, the separate segments\u2014aligned with the patient&#8217;s actual radiological anatomical structures\u2014create the baseline substrate for the overall design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Segmentation is the process of isolating specific voxels based on their density values (thresholding), transforming 2D CBCT slices into separate, independent 3D objects (e.g., mandible, inferior alveolar nerve, teeth). These 3D segments provide the vital anatomical substrate required to precisely plan implant position, angulation, and depth relative to bone and nerve structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An STL (Standard Tessellation Language) file is the triangulated surface representation (surface mesh) exported from a segment. What actually happens when an STL file is exported?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The STL exports exclusively the external geometric surface of the segment, which consists of a 3D mesh of triangles, completely lacking any color or internal density data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An STL file stores only the surface geometry of a 3D object using a mesh of interconnected triangles. It is entirely blind to color, textures, and internal tissue density values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through registration, an STL file from an intraoral or laboratory scan is aligned (\u201cmatched\u201d) with a corresponding radiological anatomical segment (e.g., teeth). What is the most objective and reliable way to evaluate this alignment?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The safest and most objective way to evaluate registration is to have the ability to calculate the true mathematical deviation via the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) metric of the aligned points\/models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) is the gold standard for quantitative accuracy assessment. It provides a definitive numerical value (e.g., 0.08 mm) representing the average mathematical distance between the corresponding points of the aligned datasets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have the following data: CBCT resolution (Voxel Size): 0.3mm (300 \u03bcm), Intraoral\/Model scan resolution (IOS): 0.02 mm (20 \u03bcm), Printer resolution (Layer Thickness): 0.1 mm (100 \u03bcm). Do these differences affect the accuracy of the digital workflow?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These differences will affect the final placement accuracy to an extent that depends both on the magnitude of the dataset heterogeneity and on the processing and compensation methods applied by open-source or commercial software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Variations in input dataset resolutions (20 \u03bcm to 300 \u03bcm) and output configuration (100 \u03bcm) are real and are bridged via software algorithms. The software locks the seating of the surgical guide onto the teeth using the high accuracy of the IOS (20 \u03bcm), while locally resampling the volume for printing (e.g., in FSP via the Segment Editor at 0.1 mm). The final clinical accuracy is influenced but fully controlled if the user applies correct compensation protocols (e.g., sleeve offsets, anatomical safety zones).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High CBCT quality is key to digital workflow accuracy. However, artifacts such as Beam Hardening, metal Scatter, and the Partial Volume Effect distort or blur the geometry of anatomical structures. How can the clinician effectively manage this issue during the model alignment (Registration) process?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The clinician should perform a manual point-to-point registration, selecting reference points exclusively on healthy teeth or anatomical areas completely free of artifacts, and subsequently, if the software does not provide the capability to verify the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), visually inspect the STL outline on 2D cross-sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When metal artifacts (Beam Hardening\/Scatter) distort geometry and the Partial Volume Effect blurs tooth boundaries due to mathematical averaging of density within boundary voxels, the automated Best-Fit (ICP) algorithm fails. The only effective clinical solution is manual point-by-point registration on \u201cclean\u201d areas. A mathematical validation via the RMSE is the most reliable quality metric, and if unavailable, the clinician must visually cross-reference the STL overlay against the 2D cross-sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the open-source software 3D Slicer, you want to use the \u201cFast Model Align\u201d module to perform an automated registration of the maxillary IOS model with the segmented model of the corresponding teeth from the CBCT. Would you leave the \u2018Point Density Adjustment\u2019 parameter at its default value of 1.00 or would you modify it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For accurate alignment, a minimum cloud density of approximately 4,000 points per model is required; therefore, the value of 1.00 should be increased accordingly, verifying the resulting point count (e.g., setting it to 1.8) by clicking \u201cTest pointcloud subsampling\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Fast Model Align <\/em>module in 3D Slicer downsamples dense 3D surface meshes into sparser point clouds to efficiently compute rigid\/affine registrations. Leaving the parameter at 1.00 may result in too few points to accurately capture complex dental morphology. In practice, it has been proven that a cloud of approximately 4,000\u20135,000 points per model provides a very good balance between accuracy and computational time so that the algorithm (based on the ITK\/Python libraries) has enough information to converge accurately, but without overloading the computer&#8217;s memory. The \u201cTest pointcloud subsampling\u201d feature allows developers\/advanced users to preview the downsampled point count before running the registration execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VIRTUAL IMPLANT POSITION &amp; PLACEMENT SIMULATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is the perpendicular alignment of 2D cross-sections along the automated or manually drawn open curve generated by the software sufficient for implant site selection?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is not sufficient, and in most cases of partial or complete edentulism, manual rotation of the cross-sections is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The&nbsp;open&nbsp;curve generates cross-sections perpendicular to the curve itself, but not necessarily perpendicular&nbsp;and parallel&nbsp;to the true slope of the bone ridge or the roots of adjacent teeth. To ensure safe implant placement, prevent cortical plate perforation, and achieve parallelism with adjacent structures, the clinician must manually rotate the cross-sectional view three-dimensionally (X, Y, Z) at the site of interest, so that the measurement is performed in the true transverse plane of the alveolar ridge and not in an oblique plane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Should the virtual placement of the prosthetic restoration precede, follow, or be performed simultaneously with the virtual placement of the implant?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The prosthetic restoration must be placed with absolute priority, and the optimal position and angulation of the implant adjusted accordingly to satisfy the needs of the superstructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern evidence-based computer-aided implantology is anchored on the principle of \u201cProsthetically Driven Implantology.\u201d The implant is placed relative to the future crown (screw emergence profile, occlusal forces, aesthetics). Available bone is evaluated&nbsp;<em>after<\/em>&nbsp;the ideal prosthetic plan has been established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-15<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When digitally planning a guided implant placement, what margin of error should we clinically expect for the horizontal entry point at the bone crest across common support types?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The margin of error ranges on average from approximately 1mm (Tooth-supported) to about 2mm (Mucosa- and Bone-supported).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to international literature and systematic reviews, static surgical guides carry inherent inaccuracies. Tooth-supported guides offer the highest precision (~1mm deviation at the entry point), whereas mucosa- and bone-supported guides exhibit larger deviations (up to 2mm) due to tissue resilience&nbsp;and other factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can bone density be calculated in Hounsfield Units (HU) on a CBCT scan with the same accuracy and reliability as in conventional medical Computed Tomography (CT \/ MSCT)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It cannot. \u0397owever, using relative Gray Values (Pseudo-HU) along with visual inspection of bone architecture, we can roughly classify it e.g. according to Lekholm and Zarb (Types D1-D4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to high scatter radiation and the fact that the entire volume is irradiated simultaneously in CBCT (unlike the narrow fan-beam slices of medical CT), Gray Values are neither stable nor standardized. The same bone structure may yield varying values depending&nbsp;e.g&nbsp;on its position within the FOV. Nevertheless, the clinician can qualitatively assess bone architecture (cortical thickness, trabecular density) and categorize bone density based on the Lekholm &amp; Zarb&nbsp;classification&nbsp;(Types D1\u2013D4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-17<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the DICOM images of a CBCT scan consist of anisotropic voxels, discrepancies may arise in model registration and measurement accuracy, risking minor errors along the axes with reduced resolution (affecting e.g., bone width measurements or surgical guide fit). Is there a way to prevent this heterogeneity or correct it if it has already occurred?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since anisotropic voxels are generated during the DICOM export process rather than during the CBCT scan itself, we can configure the export to Native\/Original Resolution (e.g., using Free Matrix). Alternatively, if the DICOM files are already received, we can utilize software features to resample the CBCT volume, converting the voxel resolution into isotropic (e.g., transforming 0.24\u00d70.24\u00d70.15 mm into 0.15\u00d70.15\u00d70.15 mm within the same FOV).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most modern CBCT machines capture isotropic datasets natively. However, non-isotropic voxels may result during extraction or resampling, depending on software options &#8211; e.g. slice thickness being different from pixel spacing. The ideal approach is exporting at Native resolution. If already exported incorrectly, tools like 3D Slicer enable 3D Resampling (via linear or cubic interpolation), normalizing the geometry into a perfectly isotropic structure before planning begins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is the utility of a software feature that allows exporting the CBCT slice planning coordinates, as well as the 3D coordinate points of the implant\u2019s platform and apex?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It allows saving and recalling implant positions and angulations at any stage of the digital workflow. Furthermore, these coordinates can be transferred to another software environment (provided it supports coordinate import) either for advanced CAD planning or for training AI models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 3D space of a CBCT is mapped within a standardized World Coordinate System defined by the DICOM origin. If the software allows exporting the exact spatial points of the platform and apex (e.g., in JSON, CSV, or TXT formats), this geometric information becomes software-agnostic. Clinicians and developers can replicate the exact implant positions in other open-source environments (like Blender or 3D Slicer) with mathematical precision, or utilize these coordinates as ground-truth labeled datasets to train machine learning\/AI algorithms for automated implant placement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SURGICAL GUIDE DESIGN &amp; 3D PRINTING<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In computer-aided implant planning, the distance from the top of the guide sleeve to the implant platform is a parameter whose value:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Is defined according to the specific implant system utilized, dictating the final drilling depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This spatial distance (commonly referred to as \u201cD-length\u201d or \u201cSleeve Offset\u201d) is strictly dictated by the manufacturer\u2019s guided surgery kit. It establishes the precise threshold where the drill\u2014which features a physical depth stop\u2014will cease advancement, ensuring the implant is placed exactly at the pre-planned vertical depth (subcrestal, crestal, etc). In essence, it determines the depth of the osteotomy and by extension the final position of the implant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is the recommended guide thickness and clearance gap (offset) for tooth-supported guides versus mucosa-supported surgical guides?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For tooth-supported: 2.5 mm to 3.0 mm thickness with a 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm clearance gap. For mucosa-supported: 3.0 mm to 3.5 mm thickness with a 0.1 mm to 0.15 mm clearance gap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tooth-supported guides rest on rigid, non-yielding structures, making a 2.5\u20133.0 mm thickness optimal for rigidity, while a tight clearance gap (0.05\u20130.1 mm) ensures a stable, snap-like fit. Conversely, oral mucosa is resilient and displaceable.&nbsp;So,&nbsp;the guide requires a greater thickness (3.0\u20133.5 mm) to resist flexing under surgical load, and a wider clearance gap (0.1\u20130.15 mm) to avoid causing localized tissue ischemia or trauma upon seating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Which layer thickness (Layer Resolution) configuration on a 3D printer is considered the \u201csweet spot\u201d in digital dentistry for fabricating surgical guides, balancing production speed with absolute clinical seating accuracy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">0.1 mm (100 \u03bcm), as it offers rapid print times, reduces internal material stresses, and is fully sufficient for the seating geometry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In vat-photopolymerization 3D printing (SLA\/DLP\/LCD) for surgical guides, 100 \u03bcm (0.1 mm) is the industry standard. It delivers excellent print speeds and mitigates the risk of micro-distortions caused by excessive layer-by-layer peeling forces. This level of precision is clinically more than adequate to achieve a stable, rock-solid fit on the teeth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-22<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the manufacturer\u2019s data and personal measurements, you determine the outer diameter of a metal guide sleeve to be 4.5 mm. Even though you add a 0.1 mm tolerance (offset) in the software, the sleeve does not fit into the printed channel. How do you resolve this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Calibrate the software-to-printer translation by designing and printing a small test block containing multiple channels with varying nominal diameters (e.g., from 4.55 mm to 4.70 mm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to inherent polymer shrinkage and light bleeding during vat photopolymerization, printed negative spaces (holes) tend to shrink slightly compared to the digital CAD design. The most cost-effective and precise troubleshooting method is printing a small calibration block. Testing which aperture accepts the sleeve perfectly reveals the exact offset required (e.g., +0.15 mm) for that specific printer\/resin combination, which is then hardcoded into the CAD settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-23<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If necessary, can we digitally modify the surgical guide after it has been generated and before exporting it as a printable file?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, we can utilize digital tools to add, remove, or smooth sections before exporting the guide as an STL file, but without modifying the critical geometric seating surfaces and sleeve positions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the software\u2019s initial automated processing of the guide body (modeled around the inspection windows and sleeves), the clinician can employ digital&nbsp;tools. These tools enable adding material to areas that appear overly thin or fragile, reaming away redundant framework that might interfere anatomically, or smoothing sharp borders that could cause patient discomfort, thereby optimizing the final STL geometry prior to transferring it to the printer\u2019s slicer software.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-24<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Identifying and blocking out undercuts is a critical phase for ensuring predictable surgical guide seating. Along which axes would it be most advantageous for the software to allow the clinician to orient the path of insertion?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The software should offer the capability to calculate and execute undercut blockouts across all axes, planes, and angulations, allowing the clinician to freely select the most effective Path of Insertion for each case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In CAD planning, the path of insertion dictates which contours of the teeth or bone matrix are registered as undercuts and must be digitally filled (blocked out) to ensure the guide can engage and disengage without binding. If software restricts orientation to a single default axis, cases involving severely tipped teeth will undergo excessive blockout, creating large voids and reducing guide stability. True 3D manipulation parameters (X, Y, Z, and tilt adjustments) empower advanced users to define an idealized path of insertion (e.g., a slight path variation), minimizing redundant blockouts and maximizing structural mechanical retention<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CONCEPT INTEGRATION QUESTIONS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Integration of the Fundamental Principles of Digital Workflow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The four <\/em><em>integrative<\/em><em> questions that follow do not examine any individual stage of the digital workflow. They summarize the basic computational principles that connect all previous stages, from the CBCT data to the final surgical guide.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why must Segmentation always precede the creation of an STL model?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Segmentation must always precede STL generation because an STL file can represent only the external surface of a single, specific object, whereas a CBCT scan contains a volumetric dataset composed of multiple anatomical structures from which that particular STL object is derived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Segmentation comes first because a CBCT dataset represents a single volumetric space containing numerous anatomical structures. Through segmentation, the region of interest is isolated, the exact surface boundaries are defined, and unwanted structures or imaging artifacts are removed. Only then can an STL model be generated that accurately represents the intended anatomical object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why can a DICOM dataset be extensively processed, whereas an STL model cannot?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fundamental difference lies in the type and depth of information stored by each format. A DICOM dataset contains volumetric voxel data, whereas an STL file contains only a surface mesh describing the external geometry of an object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In reality, both formats can be edited, but in fundamentally different ways and with different limitations. A DICOM dataset functions as a living three-dimensional database, allowing anatomical structures to be displayed, isolated, or excluded according to their density values. By contrast, an STL model is the final geometric representation of an object. Although it can be smoothed, trimmed, or reshaped externally, it cannot recover or separate the anatomical components from which it originated. In this sense, DICOM processing is <strong>semantic<\/strong>, because it operates on anatomical information, whereas STL editing is purely <strong>geometric<\/strong>, operating only on the object&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why does Registration not create new information but simply transfer existing information into a common spatial reference system?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Registration does not create new information because it is purely a geometric transformation process rather than a process of generating or modifying data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Registration applies only spatial transformations such as translations, rotations, and, in some cases, scaling. These operations modify only the spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of existing points. No new pixels, voxels, or surface points are created. The resulting information arises solely from the spatial overlap of datasets that already exist. Registration therefore does not generate new information; it simply expresses existing information within a common coordinate system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">QUESTION-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why do DICOM datasets preserve spatial information accurately across different software platforms, whereas STL files do not?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ANSWER<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DICOM datasets preserve their spatial relationships because the DICOM standard stores not only image data but also a rigorously defined Patient Coordinate System together with all metadata required for exact three-dimensional reconstruction. In contrast, STL files contain only surface geometry and do not encode anatomical coordinate systems, spatial orientation, or measurement units.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EXPLANATION<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The DICOM standard stores much more than the CBCT images themselves. Its metadata include the position and orientation of every image slice, the true voxel dimensions, and a unique <strong>Frame of Reference UID<\/strong>, allowing any DICOM-compliant software to reconstruct exactly the same three-dimensional volume within the same patient coordinate system (LPS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By contrast, an STL file describes only the external surface of an object as a triangular mesh. It contains no information about anatomical coordinates, orientation, or even the units of measurement. Consequently, when transferred between different software applications, an STL model may require repositioning, reorientation, or even rescaling before it can be used correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0392\u0399\u0392\u039b\u0399\u039f\u0393\u03a1\u0391\u03a6\u0399\u0391 \/ BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em> <\/em><br><em>\u0397 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The following bibliography does not seek to exhaustively cover the international scientific production. It was selected as a set of fundamental publications, international standards and open software documentation that support the basic principles of Computational Implantology and the open digital workflow presented in this educational material.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Medical Imaging &amp; DICOM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DICOM Standard (NEMA). <em>https:\/\/www.dicomstandard.org\/<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clunie DA. <em>DICOM Structured Reporting<\/em><em>. <\/em><em>https:\/\/w<\/em><em>ww.dclunie.com\/pixelmed\/DICOMSR.book.pdf<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bidgood WD Jr, Horii SC. Introduction to the ACR-NEMA DICOM standard. <em>Radiographics. 1992 Mar;12(2):345-55<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. CBCT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scarfe WC, Farman AG. What is cone-beam CT and how does it work? <em>Dent Clin North Am. 2008 Oct;52(4):707-30<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SEDENTEXCT Project. <em>Radiation Protection: Cone Beam CT for Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology.<\/em> <em>https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/ec5936c7-5a29-4a93-9b3a-01a5d78d7b2e\/language-en<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">European Commission. Radiation Protection No. 172. Cone Beam CT for Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/scispace.com\/pdf\/radiation-protection-n-172-nrow0v6ue2.pdf\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Segmentation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S, Gee JC, Gerig G. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. <em>Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 1;31(3):1116-28<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pham DL, Xu C, Prince JL. Current methods in medical image segmentation. <em>Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2000;2:315-37<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Besl PJ McKay ND.A Method for Registration of 3D Shapes. <em>https:\/\/graphics.stanford.edu\/~smr\/ICP\/comparison\/besl-mckay-icp-pami92.pdf<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maintz JB, Viergever MA. A survey of medical image registration. <em>Med Image Anal. 1998 Mar;2(1):1-36.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zitov\u00e1, B. and Flusser, J. (2003) Image Registration Methods: A Survey. <em>Image and Vision Computing, 21, 977-1000.<\/em><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Computer-aided Implantology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lekholm U.,Zarb GA. <em>https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/794007590\/Lekholm-and-ZArbpdf<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Misch CE. Bone Density Classification. <em>https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/496128817\/<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tahmaseb, Ali &amp; Wu, Vivian &amp; Wismeijer, Daniel &amp; Coucke, Wim &amp; Evans, Christopher. (2018). The accuracy of static computer\u2010aided implant surgery: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. <em>Clinical Oral Implants Research. 29. 416-435. 10.1111\/clr.13346.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schneider D, Marquardt P, Zwahlen M, Jung RE. A systematic review on the accuracy and the clinical outcome of computer-guided template-based implant dentistry. <em>Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009 Sep;20 Suppl 4:73-86<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ISO 12836 Dentistry \u2014 Digitizing Devices. <em>https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68414.html<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6. 3D Printing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Revilla-Le\u00f3n, Marta &amp; \u00d6zcan, Mutlu. (2018). Additive Manufacturing Technologies Used for Processing Polymers: Current Status and Potential Application in Prosthetic Dentistry. <em>Journal of Prosthodontics. 28. 146-15<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dawood A, Marti Marti B, Sauret-Jackson V, Darwood A. 3D printing in dentistry. <em>Br Dent J. 2015 Dec;219(11):521-9<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mangano F. Digital dentistry. <em>J Dent. 2021 Jun;109:103693<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>7. Open-source Ecosystem<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Fedorov, R Beichel, J Kalpathy-Cramer, J Finet, JC Fillion-Robin, M. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. <em>M<\/em><em>agnetic<\/em><em> resonance imaging 30 (9), 1323-1341<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R Kikinis, SD Pieper, KG Vosburgh. 3D Slicer: a platform for subject-specific image analysis, visualization, and clinical support. <em>Intraoperative imaging and image-guided therapy, 277-289<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ITK Software Guide. <em>https:\/\/itk.org\/ItkSoftwareGuide.pdf<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VTK User Guide. <em>https:\/\/vtk.org\/vtk-users-guide\/<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This educational material was created for the purpose of training and self-assessment in Computational Implantology. It does not constitute a clinical application guide nor does it replace clinical judgment and training or the instructions of the manufacturers of the respective systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \/ Scientific writing, documentation and editing:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \/ Trikeriotis Dimitris DMD OMFS<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae, \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u039c\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (All rights reserved)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This educational work is protected by copyright law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Reference and citation to parts of the work is permitted with clear reference to the source.<br>Reproduction, modification or commercial exploitation of the work, in its entirety or in substantial parts, without the prior written permission of the author is not permitted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00a9 2026 Free Surgical Planner<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0395\u039a\u03a0\u0391\u0399\u0394\u0395\u03a5\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u039f\u03a3 \u039f\u0394\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a3 \u0391\u03a5\u03a4\u039f\u0391\u039e\u0399\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0397\u03a3\u0397\u03a3 \u03a3\u03a4\u0397\u039d \u03a5\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u03a3\u03a4\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0395\u039c\u03a6\u03a5\u03a4\u0395\u03a5\u039c\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u039b\u039f\u0393\u0399\u0391 24 \u0395\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2022 24 \u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u2022 24 \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 4 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0395\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 + 4 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 24 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-354","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=354"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":367,"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354\/revisions\/367"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/freesurgplan.edu.gr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}